Doctoral Programmes

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Academic doctors gather before the commencement exercises at Brigham Young University (April 2008).
The cover of the thesis presented by Claude Bernard to obtain his Doctor of Medicine degree (1843).
A doctorate (from Latin docere, "to teach") or doctor's degree (from Latin doctor, "teacher") or doctoral degree (from the ancient formalism licentia docendi) is an academic degree awarded by universities that is, in most countries, a research degree that qualifies the holder to teach at the university level in the degree's field, or to work in a specific profession. There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines.
Argentina
In Argentina the doctorate (doctorado)[63] is the highest academic degree. The intention is that candidates produce original contributions in their field knowledge within a frame of academic excellence.[64] A dissertation or thesis is prepared.
Brazil
Doctoral candidates are normally required to have a Master's degree in a related field. Exceptions are based on their individual academic merit.
Denmark
Denmark offers four levels of degrees: 1) a three-year bachelor's degree (e.g. Bachelor of Arts degree); 2) a five-year candidate's degree (e.g. Candidatus/Candidata Magisterii), generally compared to a master's degree; 3) a ph.d. degree, which replaced the licentiate in 1988; 4) a doctor's degree.
Egypt
In Egypt, the highest degree doctorate is awarded by Al-Azhar University est. 970, which grants ( ???????? Alimiyya\ Habilitation).
Finland
The Finnish requirement for the entrance into doctoral studies is a master's degree or equivalent. All universities have the right to award doctorates.
France
History
Before 1984 three research doctorates existed in France: the State doctorate (doctorat d'État, "DrE", the old doctorate introduced in 1808).
Germany
Doctorate degrees in Germany are research doctorates and are awarded via a process called Promotion ("promotion").
India
In India, doctorates are offered by universities. Entry requirements include master's degree.
Italy
Italy uses a three-level degree system. The first-level degree, called a "laurea" (Bachelor's degree), requires three years and a short thesis. The second-level degree, called a "laurea magistrale"
Netherlands and Flanders
The traditional academic system of the Netherlands provided basic academic diploma: propaedeuse and three academic degrees: kandidaat (the lowest degree), depending on gender doctorandus or doctoranda (drs.) (with equivalent degrees in engineering - ir. and law - mr.) and doctor (dr.).
Russia
In the Russian Empire the academic degree "doctor of the sciences" (doktor nauk) marked the highest academic degree that can be achieved by an examination. (The "doctor nauk" degree was introduced in Russia in 1819, abolished in 1917, and revived in the USSR.
United Kingdom
History of the UK doctorate
The doctorate has long existed in the UK as, originally, the second degree in divinity, law, medicine and music. But it was not until the late 19th century that the research doctorate, now known as the higher doctorate, was introduced.
United States
In 1861, Yale University awarded the first Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in the United States.
The structure of US doctoral programs is more formal and complex than some others. US research doctorates are awarded for successfully completing and defending independent research presented in the form of a dissertation, along with advanced study. Multiple professional degrees use the term "doctor" in their title, such as Juris Doctor and Doctor of Medicine, but these degrees do not always contain an independent research component or always require a dissertation and should not be confused with Ph.D./D.Phil./Ed.D./D.Ed. degrees or other research doctorates.
Para dokter akademik berkumpul sebelum latihan dimulai di Universitas Brigham Young (April 2008).
Sampul tesis yang disajikan oleh Claude Bernard untuk mendapatkan gelar Doktor Kedokteran (1843).
Doktor (dari bahasa Latin docere, "mengajar") atau gelar dokter (dari dokter Latin, "guru") atau gelar doktor (dari formalisme kuno licentia docendi) adalah gelar akademis yang diberikan oleh universitas yang, di sebagian besar negara, gelar penelitian yang memenuhi syarat pemegang untuk mengajar di tingkat universitas di bidang gelar, atau untuk bekerja dalam profesi tertentu. Ada berbagai gelar doktor, dengan yang paling umum adalah Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), yang diberikan di berbagai bidang, mulai dari humaniora ke disiplin ilmu.
Argentina
Di Argentina, gelar doktor (doctorado) [63] adalah gelar akademis tertinggi. Tujuannya adalah bahwa kandidat menghasilkan kontribusi asli dalam pengetahuan lapangan mereka dalam bingkai keunggulan akademik. [64] Disertasi atau tesis disiapkan.
Brazil
Kandidat doktor biasanya diminta untuk memiliki gelar Master di bidang terkait. Pengecualian didasarkan pada prestasi akademis masing-masing.
Denmark
Denmark menawarkan empat tingkat gelar: 1) gelar sarjana tiga tahun (misalnya gelar Bachelor of Arts); 2) gelar kandidat lima tahun (misalnya Candidatus / Candidata Magisterii), umumnya dibandingkan dengan gelar master; 3) a ph.d. gelar, yang menggantikan pemegang lisensi pada tahun 1988; 4) gelar dokter.
Mesir
Di Mesir, gelar doktor tertinggi diberikan oleh Universitas Al-Azhar, yaitu 970, yang memberikan (???????? Alimiyya \ Habilitation).
Finlandia
Persyaratan Finlandia untuk masuk ke studi doktor adalah gelar master atau setara. Semua universitas memiliki hak untuk memberikan gelar doktor.
Perancis
Sejarah
Sebelum 1984 tiga doktor penelitian ada di Prancis: doktoral Negara (doctorat d'État, "DrE", doktor tua yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1808).
Jerman
Gelar doktor di Jerman adalah gelar doktor penelitian dan diberikan melalui proses yang disebut Promosi ("promosi").
India
Di India, doktor ditawarkan oleh universitas. Persyaratan masuk termasuk gelar master.
Italia
Italia menggunakan sistem gelar tiga tingkat. Gelar tingkat pertama, yang disebut "laurea" (gelar Sarjana), membutuhkan tiga tahun dan tesis singkat. Gelar tingkat kedua, disebut "laurea magistrale"
Belanda dan Flanders
Sistem akademik tradisional Belanda menyediakan ijazah akademis dasar: propaedeuse dan tiga gelar akademik: kandidaat (gelar terendah), tergantung pada gender doctorandus atau doctoranda (drs.) (Dengan gelar setara dalam bidang teknik - ir. Dan hukum - mr.) dan dokter (dr.).
Rusia
Di Kekaisaran Rusia, gelar akademis "doctor of the sciences" (doktor nauk) menandai gelar akademis tertinggi yang dapat dicapai dengan pemeriksaan. (Gelar "nauk dokter" diperkenalkan di Rusia pada tahun 1819, dihapuskan pada tahun 1917, dan dihidupkan kembali di Uni Soviet.
Kerajaan Inggris
Sejarah doktor Inggris
Doktor telah lama ada di Inggris sebagai, awalnya, gelar kedua dalam keilahian, hukum, kedokteran dan musik. Tetapi baru pada akhir abad ke-19 doktor penelitian, yang sekarang dikenal sebagai doktor yang lebih tinggi, diperkenalkan.
Amerika Serikat
Pada 1861, Universitas Yale meraih gelar Doktor Filsafat pertama (Ph.D.) di Amerika Serikat.
Struktur program doktor AS lebih formal dan kompleks daripada yang lain. Doktor penelitian AS diberikan untuk berhasil menyelesaikan dan membela penelitian independen yang disajikan dalam bentuk disertasi, bersama dengan studi lanjutan. Beberapa gelar profesional menggunakan istilah "dokter" dalam gelarnya, seperti Juris Doctor dan Doctor of Medicine, tetapi gelar ini tidak selalu mengandung komponen penelitian independen atau selalu membutuhkan disertasi dan tidak boleh disamakan dengan Ph.D./D .Phil. / Ed.D. / D.Ed. derajat atau gelar doktor riset lainnya.